Strategic Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Strategic Plan - Essay Example To complete the strategic plan for â€Å"Sir Harry†, a SWOT analysis would be provided, in conjunction with stipulating the lounge’s mission and vision statements, values and objectives, as well as strategies and goals. â€Å"Sir Harry’s† aim to provide top of the line service to customers looking for a quiet respite from the busy life through posh and romantic ambiance and the luxury of enjoying cocktails in the company of friends. The lounge bar embodies the perfect get-away to unwind and spend quality time to treat oneself or friends to an extraordinary nightlife experience. The vision is to employ initially a small staff of highly qualified and competent personnel totaling 10 in all to increase annually by 3 to 5 personnel depending on the number of guests and visitors that patronize the lounge. These personnel would assume the roles of a lounge manager, finance, human resources and operations manager, and the rest would be in charge of directly addressing the needs of the customers through expertise in cocktails, specialty hors-doeuvres and canapà ©s, serving, as well as security and maintenance. The projected sales are initially $5,000 per night for the first month, and to increase by 10% until the sixth month. From the sixth to twelve months, sales is expected to pick up by 20 – 25% until the 2nd year. The values that would make â€Å"Sir Harry’s† stand out among the rest of the lounges in Hawaii is its adherence to exemplary service that would not only satisfy customers but delight them into coming back for more. In addition, the luxurious, sophisticated and romantic ambiance makes clientele extend their stay and look forward to more nights of experience with â€Å"Sir Harry’s†. 1. Owner/Proprietor: Prepare and develop a comprehensive business plan and forge contacts with suppliers to position the lounge as an upscale bar within the Hawaii district with the next 3 to 5

Evaluating Performance of Starbucks Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Evaluating Performance of Starbucks - Case Study Example These ideas are closely connected with concepts of growth, achievements and satisfaction which help Starbucks to increase productivity and ensure stable market position. Motivational principles are based on equity theory. The theory is based on idea that "people need to feel that there is a fair balance between inputs and outputs" (Equity Theory 2007). The core of the staff works full-time in the organization while next to them or with them are employees on temporary assignments, part-time workers, and people working in joint venture settings. The result may therefore be individuals working together whose allegiances and concerns may involve differences that are highly important to Starbucks. Relationships, views, and expectations among those who are all part of one group-or who view themselves as part of the same company or as "insiders"-are different from the types of relationships and communication patterns that develop among those who view themselves as belonging to different gro ups. The aim of HR is to motivate both part-time and full-time employees and level possible differences. Equity has a great impact on satisfaction and achievements of employees. Starbucks provides provide financial and other resources for developing and implementing career programs for full-time and part-time employees, particularly programs emphasizing personal growth. They provide recognition of the frequently temporary nature of contemporary work settings while at the same time encouraging positive relationships between individuals and organizations over the long run. To achieve growth, Starbucks develops skills in the employees not previously realized and thus eventually prove beneficial to the individual and the organization. Starbucks uses such strategies as financial rewards and recognition to motivate and inspire employees of all ranks and positions. These accounts are linked to individual work patterns and individual work behavior in a more immediate manner. These plans foc us on health and welfare benefits as much as if not more than pay and pension concerns.). Equity theory can be seen as a strategy for achieving organizational growth and success rather than as a fixed cost of doing business. Also, these motivational strategies support high performance teams and influence cohesiveness and friendly atmosphere, cooperation with the workers, managers, and leaders, personal commitment and high productivity (Robbins, 2004).

Diabetes :: essays research papers

Diabetes Diabetes mellitus is a condition in which the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood is too high because the body cannot use it properly. Glucose comes from the digestion of starchy foods such as bread, rice, and potatoes, from sugar and other sweet foods, and from the liver which makes glucose. Insulin is vital for life. It is a hormone produced by the pancreas, that helps the glucose to enter the cells where it is used as fuel by the body. The main symptoms of untreated diabetes are increased thirst, going to the loo all the time – especially at night, extreme tiredness, weight loss, genital itching or regular episodes of thrush, and blurred vision. There are two main types of diabetes. These are: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin dependent diabetes †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Type 2 diabetes, also known as non insulin dependent diabetes Type 1 diabetes develops if the body is unable to produce any insulin. This type of diabetes usually appears before the age of 40. It is treated by insulin injections and diet and regular exercise is recommended. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can still make some insulin, but not enough, or when the insulin that is produced does not work properly (known as insulin resistance). This type of diabetes usually appears in people over the age of 40, though in South Asian and African-Caribbean people often appears after the age of 25. It is treated by diet and exercise alone or by diet, exercise and tablets or by diet, exercise and insulin injections. . The main aim of treatment of both types of diabetes is to achieve blood glucose and blood pressure levels as near to normal as possible. This, together with a healthy lifestyle, will help to improve wellbeing and protect against long-term damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and major arteries. The main symptoms of diabetes are: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  increased thirst †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  going to the loo all the time – especially at night †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  extreme tiredness †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  weight loss †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  genital itching or regular episodes of thrush †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  blurred vision. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Overworking Type 1 diabetes develops much more quickly, usually over a few weeks, and symptoms are normally very obvious. In both types of diabetes, the symptoms are quickly relieved once the diabetes is treated. Early treatment will also reduce the chances of developing serious health problems. Diabetes is a common health condition. About 1.8 million people in the UK are known to have diabetes — that’s about three in every 100 people.

Sacrificial Action

In Bhagavad Gita 4. 31, Krishna said to Arjuna, â€Å"Those who eat the nectar of immortality left over from a sacrificial action, they go to the eternal Brahman† (Phillips 80). This passage is taken from the Bhagavad Gita where Krishna, a divine being, and Arjuna, the third of the five brothers fighting for their land. With Arjuna having a dilemma of fighting his own kinsmen, Krishna explained to him why the right thing to do is to fight (Phillips 80). In chapter three of the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna explained to Arjuna the meaning of the sacrificial action. It is said to be voluntary doing something or ‘sacrificing’ without thinking of the benefits you will earn after the work, will lead to the supreme good. This is called the yoga of action. Attaining this supreme good exempts you from the law of karma (action and reaction) and thus leads to nirvana (Phillips 81). In chapter four, Krishna pointed out how and why he took the form of a mortal being. According to him, he assumed a mortal personification in order to become a model for those people who would want to attain the supreme good. He also states that he had already turned to a mortal being to be able to tell other people the things the he is now sharing with Arjuna (Phillips 81). The Bhagavad Gita 4. 31 passage is the fourth chapter’s main point. In this passage, Krishna told Arjuna how to be like him or to go to eternal Brahman. The ‘nectar’ he mentioned pertains to the example that he or a doer of sacrificial action makes. And the meaning of ‘eating the nectar’ entails following the examples of doing a sacrificial action, in order to attain supreme good or to be like Krishna (Phillips 82).

The Language of Law - An Interpretation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2887 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? Language of Law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Interpretation Continues Abstract The paper is a nitty gritty investigation of ambiguities that emerge in the interpretation of legal language. It first discusses equivocalness that exists in English language and afterward happens to examine how the vagueness in language brings about making the law equivocal. Different illustrations and case laws have been utilized to clarify how the language makes the law uncertain. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Language of Law An Interpretation" essay for you Create order It then examines the requirement for evacuation of such equivocalness and talks about how the purposive rule of interpretation aides in right translation of law, thus, preventing wrong decision making by the courts. In finem the paper discusses the challenges confronted by layman as well as law persons in understanding the legal language. Introduction The law is a profession of words.[1] Also when the application of words decides the mechanism of the entire instrument of the judiciary, uncertainty and ambiguity is certain to manifest. Vagueness suggests perplexity as to the meaning of the language used. It can be of different sorts and structures. Regardless of all great expectations and various deliberations made by the lawyers and the judges, to keep the legal dialect free from the shackles of uncertainty, so that the regular man is fit for understanding and investigating it, the implications of the words found in legal records are not generally clear and unequivocal. They may be equipped for being seen in more than restricted, they may be farfetched or unverifiable or now and again both and they may give themselves to different interpretations by diverse people. This prompts ambiguous law that annihilates the reason for which it is implied. Yet the law must be unambiguous in light of the fact that it is related to everyday li fe of each person and everybody must comprehend it well to stick to it. Ambiguity in Language The meaning of the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Ambiguousà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as given in the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Merriam Webster Online Editionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Doubtful oruncertain due to indistinctness or something which can be interpreted in various ways.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [2] Coming to the legal meaning, Blackà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s law dictionary defines ambiguity as- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Doubtfulness, doubleness of meaning; indistinctness or uncertainty of meaning of an expression used in a written instrument.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [3]Whereas Lectric law library says that-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“When an expression has been used in an instrument of writing which may be understood in more than one sense, it is said that there is an ambiguity.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [4]Thus, equivocal language can be characterized as a language that is hard to see basically due to its dicey and unverifiable nature. Vagueness can emerge because of different reasons. It may emerge as a consequence of absence of seeing between the author and the reader; what the reader had the capacity translate from a certain content, may not be the same as what the essayist needed to pass on through it. Take for instance the instance of sale in a specific shop; there is an astoundingly enormous contrast between flat 50% sale and up to 50% sale; be that as it may, the crowd interprets the two announcements as one and the same. Then again, vague implications can likewise be determined because of an announcement not being clear as crystal or particular à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" an equivocalness brought about because of poor choice of words. Ambiguity in Language of Law Numerous examples of ambiguity in law can be found in Indian cases. For instance in India a case qualifies for the punishment of death penalty only if it is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"rare of the rarest casesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This principle was laid down in the Indian landmark case of Bacchan Singh v. State of Punjab[5] and was further approved by the apex court in the case of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Macchi Singh v. State of Punjabà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [6]. However, the phrase rarest of rare is interested in distinctive interpretations by diverse judges as there are no parameters to characterize it. Once more, in view of this unspecific nature, there is significant perplexity concerning what case can go under the ambit of this principle. Because of this disarray, it basically turns into a matter of presumption of the judge and his interpretation of the phrase in respect to whether the specific case falls under the ambit of the principle. An alternate case of equivocalness in law can be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" t he use of the word child. There is no particular meaning of child given anywhere in law. Diverse procurements of law characterize a child differently. This in result causes confusion among individuals concerning who precisely can be called as a child. The vicinity of uncertainty that leads to diverse interpretations can be connected generally with an idea that exists in the field of Law of Contracts which particularly manages absence of understanding between the two parties to the contract. It is called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" consensus ad idem which if translated truly means meeting of minds.[7] When the parties to a contract dont concur on the same thing in same sense in light of the object being referred to being vague or unverifiable or unspecified at the time of making of the contract, there is said to be absence of consensus between the parties; the absence of consensus ad idem renders a contract void ab initio (which actually means void from the earliest starting point, in the field of contract law it implies that the contract was void from starting or to disentangle didnt exist according to law. [8] This is basically what happens when the law is vague à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" there two separate interpretations to it; while one gathering adheres to the first significance, the second party comprehends it as per the second importance; in this way leading to a circumstance where there is no meeting of minds. I shall now discuss a case where how a word of language can cause confusion and ambiguity, the case is that of the Frigalimentimporting co. v. B.n.s. Universal sales Corp.'[9], this case is the situation of idle uncertainty. In this case, the definition of the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" chicken ended up being uncertain, which caused confusion in the minds of the seller and the buyer. In this case the plaintiff was a Swiss Company that had ordered solidified eviscerated chicken from a New York wholesaler of poultry. The order called for chicken of two sizes: 1à ƒâ€šÃ‚ ½ 2 pounds and 2  ½ 3 pounds. At the point when the defendants supplied the obliged chicken and the shipment arrived in Europe, the plaintiff discovered that the bigger birds were all stewing chickens. Since he was expecting broilers and fryers, the plaintiff called foul and brought a suit against the seller for breach of contract. The issue that surfaced in the court was: what is a chicken? The plaintiff contended that chicken implies a youthful chicken, suitable for broiling and frying. The defendant, however, demanded that a chicken is any bird of the genus that meets the contract, satisfying the specifications of weight and quality, including what it calls stewing chicken. The judge Friendly, who heard the case, chose that both implications were conceivable. Consequently he announced that the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"chickenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is ambiguous, and he decided to look into the contract to see if it offered any aid to the interpretation of such a word. Thus , ambiguity can arise anywhere in law at any point. Removing Ambiguity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Purposive Rule of Interpretation From the play The Merchant of Venice, it can be effortlessly induced that when the play was composed, lawyers did not give careful consideration to the dialect they utilized while making the understandings or proclamations of law. Had this not been the situation, Shylocks lawyer would have been considerably more watchful while creating the bond between Shylock and Antonio, and would have created it in such a way, to the point that the provision of providing for one pound of flesh would have included accompanying blood too. Such discrepancies creep up in law time to time and the aim is to do away with them. I argue that a solution to this is purposive rule of interpretation. Purposive tenet of interpretation or interpreting a statute purposively suggests that a statute or law ought to be interpreted in the light of the plan or purpose of the legislature behind ordering of such statute or law; instead of drawing the significance out of it literally just. Such interpretation gets t o be exceedingly critical in cases where interpreting a statute literally provides for it such a significance, to the point that couldnt have been the purpose of the legislature whatsoever, behind establishing the said statute. In the case of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“UP BhoodanYagya Samiti v. Brij Kishoreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [10], the significance of the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" landless was in clash. Under the scheme launched by UP Bhoodan yagya samiti, under the UP Bhoodan Yagya Samiti Act, 1953, all the individuals who were landless were profited by giving of certain measure of agriculture land by the government. Landless here was characterized as some person who does not have rural land. For this situation, the purpose behind launching such scheme was to give rural land to poor, dejected, unemployed individuals, with the goal that they can get occupied with farming segment and bring home income for themselves. However, if one literally interprets the saying landless, a landless individual ca n likewise be an individual, living in a city, well employed and having a sound monetary status however not having any agrarian land. He will likewise go under the ambit of landless and hence be qualified for the land under the scheme. At the same time the aim of the administration was as opposed to this; through this scheme, it just proposed to loan some assistance to the ones in need of it and not any individual who does not have land. For this situation, the court moved from the strict principle of interpretation and interpreted the saying landless to mean somebody who did not have land, as well as, somebody who was poor, unemployed and did not have whatever other method for money. The purposive tenet of interpretation was connected here legitimately and suitably. In the case of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Santa Singh v. State of Punjabà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [11], the word hear came into question. Section 235(2) of Crpc1973[12] states that, If the accused is convicted, then the judge shall hear t he accused on the question of sentence and then pass sentence on him according to law.. This intimates that post-conviction and preà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" sentence period, an accused is given a chance to present before the judiciary any confirmation which may help in diminishing his sentence. Regardless, in the present case, it was battled by the advocate of the petitioners that the platitude à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" hear, literally interpreted, means showing of oral testimony just. However the reason behind insertion of such an announcement in Crpc was to let the accused give any appearance of testimony which may help in dropping down the sentence. The judiciary chose to interpret the idiom hear in the segment purposively and not strictly or literally. The accused was allowed to present in the witness of the court testimony other than oral testimony. This case also, is a flawless outline of exhibiting the development from strict standard of interpretation to the purposive rule. Here furthermo re, the application of purposive guideline helped in rendering of sensible, just and sensible decision. Thus, the two samples displayed by means of the aforementioned cases consummately show the picture of how hopelessly wrong choice could have been taken had it not been for the purposive rule of interpretation. The previously stated two cases are clear samples showing the vitality of purposive rule and its effective use in expulsion of vagueness from law. The Challenge in Understanding the Language of Law Language of law is intended to be completely clear to rule out any uncertainty and for proper understanding of the individuals. On the other hand, years of refining and the exertions of lawyers and judges to make the language of law clear has made it, even tougher to comprehend. It has frequently been clowned upon lawyers that the moment you read something which you cant comprehend, you can practically make sure that it was drawn up by a lawyer. Take for instance this case made by an English critic, suppose, When a man wants to present an orange to another, he would say: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“I give you this orange, you may do with it whatever you may please! à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“but when a lawyer does it, he says it, this way: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Know all men by these present that I hereby give, grant, bargain, sell, release, convey, transfer and quitclaim all my right, title, interest, benefit and use whatsoever in, of and concerning this chattel otherwise known as an orange, or citrus orantium , together with all the appurtenances thereto of skin, pulp, pip rind, seeds and juice for his own benefit, to himself and heirs in fee simple forever, free from all liens, encumbrances, easements, limitations, restraints or conditions whatsoever, any and all prior deeds, transfers or other documents whatsoever, now or anywhere made to the contrary notwithstanding, with full power to bite, cut, suck or otherwise eat the said orange or give away the same, with or without its skin, pulp, pip, rind, seeds or juice.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [13] On the off chance that one is asked to figure out the distinction between the two announcements, one will be unable to discover any, for the plan of the ones expressing it, is same: to give an orange to the next! At that point what is the reason behind expressing such a straightforward thing in such a complex manner? This is the key question, the response to which is most looked for after by law students, academicians and obviously, above all à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" by a common man! The answer is this: If one looks carefully at the two announcements, one CAN draw a fine contrast between the two, all things considered! At the point when the common man gives the orange, he provides for it with an aim to dole it out and let the client use it in whatever manner he satisfies. The expression à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" whatever manner, confers most extensive conceivable intending to the proposition of the provider in regards to what can anyone do the orange; the announcement is expressed in a manner to reflect that the supplier does not give a second thought what utilize the orange is made of after he doles it out, whether legal or illegal. For the same reason, the taker may utilize the orange for at all reason he wishes to. He may consume it or toss it at somebody à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" whatever he seeks; he may even do that which might not have been the aim of the supplier whatsoever, while doling out the orange! The lawyer in any case, leaves no degre e for such setback. He verifies that the orange is utilized just for the reason for which it is implied i.e. to consume. The specifics specified in his announcement: i.e. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“full power to bite, cut, suck, or destroy or to offer the orange to somebody, to bite, cut, suck or consumeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Does exclude the provision under which the taker may toss the orange at somebody, or hit some individual. The example is an agreeable outline of what amount logical the language must be, to make the law as clear as possible. Be that as it may, in the meantime, it is likewise obvious from the same case, how troublesome it can get to be for a common man to comprehend the content of the law and to translate it and draw right deduction out of it. In the meantime, it is likewise clear, again from the same sample that such trouble is in some cases important to emerge. Conclusion Accordingly it can be said that equivocalness can emerge in language somewhat because of the restrictions of the English language regarding the use of words. The presence of homonyms, homographs, homophones and so on further add to the uncertainty that may be created in adaptable utilization of the language. Presence of such vagueness is predominant in language, then again, when this kind of uncertainty emerges in the field of law, it turns into a matter of serious concern, as it can give rise to the possibility of turning over the decisions of the courts in important cases, or hamper the process of serving justice in a manner that might result in unfair, unjust and unreasonable decisions by the court. Along these lines a need to expel such vagueness from the field of law emerges. Albeit, in a push to make law unambiguous and perplexity free, the language of law may get to be too much unpredictable and hard to comprehend for the general masses or actually for law academicians, rese archers, for lawyers and judges; however unless an alternate more suitable system to evacuate vagueness is discovered, increasing the complexity seems the only if somewhat unreasonable, yet conceivable decision. [1] David Mellinkoff, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Language of Law,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Little, Brown Co., Boston, 1983. [2] Meriam Webster Online Dictionary; https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ambiguous, Retrieved on 5th Nov, 2014. [3] Blackà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Law Dictionary, 2nd Edition [4] Lectric law Library; https://www.lectlaw.com/def/a188.htm, retrieved on 5th Nov, 2014. [5] AIR 1980 SC 898 [6] (1980) 2 SCR 864 [7] Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance co. Ltd. v Grant (1879) 4 Ex D 216; [8] https://www.thelegality.com/2008/01/28/word-of-the-week-void-ab-initio/, Retrieved on 5th Nov, 2014 [9] Frigaliment Importing co. v B.N.S. International sales Corp190 F. Supp. 116, 1960 U.S. Dist. [10] AIR 1988 SCC 2239 [11] AIR 1976 SCC 2386 [12] The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, s. 235(2) [13] https://www.languageandlaw.org/NATURE.HTM, Retrieved on 15th Nov, 2014

The modernisation of todays society - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 23 Words: 6954 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Energy is fundamental to almost everything we do. The availability of an adequate and reliable supply of energy is critical for economic development and improving the standard of living. The modernisation of todays society was made possible though the employment of technology which was and still is energised by fossil fuels. But we expect energy it to be available whenever we want, affordable and safe. Only when something goes wrong do we realise how much we depend upon extremely complicated energy systems. (Hinrichs and Kleinbach 2002). Throughout the world the real estate sector is accountable for around 30% of global carbon emissions and 40% of global energy consumption (RICS 2005). Being one of the largest sectors in both carbon emissions and energy consumption it was obvious that it should be targeted. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The modernisation of todays society" essay for you Create order In the United Kingdom 28% of all CO2 emissions come from our homes and According to Gavin Killip (researcher in the Lower Carbon Group, Oxford University) the UK has one of the oldest, most inefficient stocks of housing in Europe, with two million homes that are officially unhealthy. It is well documented that dealing with energy inefficiency in the domestic residential sector helps reduce social illness from fuel poverty and poor housing, as well as the environmental issues of climate change and the reduction of green house gases. The world and UK government have realised that we need to change the way we live to help reduce our carbon emissions, to date there have been many changes made and reports conducted, some of which include, Low carbon buildings program, Energy performance certificates, climate change levy, carbon emission reduction target, climate change bill and the energy efficient target. There have been numerous organisations established to help make the general public more aware of the situation; these include the Energy Savings Trust NEED MORE NAMES. The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) was introduced through the Kyoto protocol. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Kyoto Protocol has outlined targets to which thirty seven major countries must meet. They must reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Britain and Northern Ireland are to cut its greenhouse emissions by 12.5% of its 1990 level by 2012 according to the Kyoto project. According to the Department of Energy and Climate Change the UK is on track to almost double the reduction to 23% by 2012. In 2003 the European Union implemented the Energy Performance of Building Directive (2002/91/EC on the Energy Performance of Buildings). Its purpose is to promote the improvement of the energy performance of buildings within the Community. The European Union felt the best way to achieve this was to ask member states to ensure that when a building is built, sold or rented an energy performance certificate is made available to potential purchasers or tenants. Each member state is responsible for ensuring that an EPC is made available; within Northern Ireland the Department of Finance and Personnel (DFPNI) are responsible under the Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2008. For Northern Ireland energy performance certificates where made mandatory in the summer of 2008. They where phased in; 30 June 2008: Sale of existing dwellings. 30 September 2008: Dwellings and non-dwellings on construction. 30 December 2008: Rental of existing buildings; sale of existing non-dwellings. In addition to producing energy performance certificates for the residential sector, regulations where also in place to implement certificates for large public sectors buildings over 1000square meters. These are known as Display energy certificates or DECs. They are measured by the amount of energy the building uses and are updated annually. Energy Performance certificates for the domestic or residential sector last for 10 years. The only exceptions from needing an energy performance certificate are: Places of worship. Temporary buildings in use for less than two years. Low energy demand buildings such as agricultural buildings. Stand alone buildings less than 50m ². Lease Renewals Extensions. Energy Performance Certificates can only be produced by registered domestic energy assessors (DEA). The assessors are accredited by approved accreditation schemes and must register annually with the national registrar. There are a number of different accreditation schemes available to become a certified assessor. There are also two different types of assessor, domestic and non domestic energy assessor (DEA and NDEA). Every EPC produced is recorded on the registrar along with the data gathered from assessing the property. The registrar in Northern Ireland is maintained by a company called Landmark. EPC record ratings for the energy efficiency of a building and the environmental impact of a building. Domestic Energy Assessors are trained to Level 3 which is Domestic level only and gathers Reduced Data Standard Assessment Procedure (RDSAP). An on-construction EPC is a form of SAP assessment and the assessor would record more info like u values of the materials used, orientation of the building, areas of walls and windows etc. He is whats known as an OCDEA (On Construction Domestic Energy Assessor). Homes built since September 2008 require an OCDEA to produce an On-construction EPC (or new build EPC). There are other certificates required for new builds like the design SAP Calculations and the As Built SAP calculations. BRE is a body called the Building Research Establishment who will provide training and qualifications for SAP assessors. They also have their own software for the production of EPCs and SAP calculations. There are many different bodies like BRE ie Stroma, NHER, and Elmhurst. Commercial rating is undertaken by assessors who are Level 4 and 5. Level 4 is for commercia l and public buildings level 5 for production or industrial buildings. Aim of Dissertation: Critically assess and analyse Energy Performance Certificates in the Residential lettings Sector of Belfast. Objectives: Assess the impact of Energy Performance Certificates on the residential lettings sector. Assess the views of current and potential tenants. Assess the views of landlords. Assess the views of Property professionals and Energy Assessors. Methodology: There are distinctive differences between Quantitative and Qualitative research. In order to satisfy the stated aims and objectives the researcher must consider whether the research is to be of a Quantitative or Qualitative nature. (Williman, 2005). Quantitative research is objective in nature. It is defined as an inquiry into a social or human problem, based on testing a hypothesis or a theory composed of variables, measured with numbers, and analysed with statistical procedures in order to determine whether the hypothesis or the theory hold true. (Cresswell, 1994). Qualitative research is subjective in nature. It emphasises meanings, experiences, description and so on, the information gathered in Qualitative research can be classified under two categories of research namely, exploratory and attitudinal. (Naoum, 2006) Creswell aptly summarised the two concepts by suggesting Qualitative research; the intent is to learn participants views about a particular phenomenon. In respect of Quantitative research, the intent is to see how data provided by participants fits an existing theory, thus the intent in Quantitative Research is either to support or to refute an existing theory (Creswell, 2007). Literature Search / Review: Structured Interviews: Data Analysis: Case Study: Dissertation Structure: Correlation between Objectives, methodology and chapters: Chapter Two: Literature Review: Literature reviews help researches limit the scope of their inquiry, and they convey the importance of studying a topic to readers. Creswell (2003). The idea of a literature review is that it will provide background information which will aid in the completion of this dissertation. A literature review will help develop a sound understanding of the research that has already been completed in the relevant field of study. A literature review is based on a sound and extensive knowledge of the chosen subject, this knowledge had to be generated by the studying of journals, reports, websites and newspapers. As the introduction of Energy Performance Certificates happened in June 2008 then the majority of relevant information will be found on the internet as it is such a topical subject at present. There is also government legislation which provides a lot of relevant information. The literature review is a key element of a Quantitative study. The Literature review will assist the researcher in knowing which specific questions to ask, by developing issues and themes for the research and design process. To enable the researcher to carry out a meticulous review of the chosen area of study it vital that they consider all areas of associated literature. The researcher will also consider sources of secondary data. Secondary literature sources are those that cite from primary sources such as textbooks and newspaper articles, Naoum (2006). Kyoto protocol: DIRECTIVE 2002/91/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 16 December 2002 on the energy performance of buildings. Energy in a Changing World strategy. The Lisbon Strategy: Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2008. This literature review will concentrate on the conventions and protocols that lead to the creation of energy performance certificates. Included in this literature review will be a detailed look at an actually EPC and political views from members of parliament and energy / property professionals. Climate Change: Climate change is a change in the distribution of weather over time. It can be a change in the average weather or a change in the distribution of weather events around an average. Anthropogenic factors are human activities that change the environment. One of the major causes of climate change is the amount of greenhouses gases in the atmosphere. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC) is an international environmental treaty produced at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. The UNFCCC main aim is to control the amount of greenhouse gases in the earths atmosphere. The UNFCCC does not set any mandatory limits or guidelines to the amount of greenhouse gases but instead set protocols that would be compulsory and legally binding. The UNFCCC came into force on March 21, 1994 and at the time of writing the UNFCCC had 192 parties. Once the UNFCCC was formed it formed national greenhouse gas inventories. They used these inventories to set the benchmark levels for 1990. The Kyoto protocol uses these benchmarks to measure performance. The UNFCCC classified all members into three distinct groups; Annex I countries. Annex II countries. Developing Countries. Annex I countries have committed to reducing their greenhouse gas (GHG) emission levels to targets that are mostly set below their 1990 levels. The UK must reduce there GHG by 12.5% of the 1990 levels by 2012. Annex II countries are simply a subgroup of Annex I countries and are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The Annex II countries must pay the costs for the developing countries. Developing counties arent required to reduce emissions under the agreement. Kyoto Protocol: This protocol is part of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). All member countries of the UNFCC meet annually to discuss and assess its progress relating to climate change. These meetings are known as Conferences of the Parties (COP). At the third COP, this took place in December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan the UNFCC adopted the Kyoto Protocol. Its aim is to combat global warming by controlling our greenhouse gas emissions which enter and harm our atmosphere. The Kyoto Protocol was established in Kyoto, Japan in 1997. To date 187 countries have signed up to the protocol. The United States of America is the largest non-member. When rejecting the protocol Mr. Bush cited poor scientific facts,protocol emission targets not scientifically based. Bush claimed that America stands to loose 5 million jobs and a further $400 billion in revenue should the treaty be adopted. The Economics of Climate Change 2007: Stern Review: A 700 page report produced my Nicholas Stern and his team of economist at HM treasury for the British government. It discusses the effects of global warming on the world economy. The reports main conclusion is that early and strong action now will far out way the costs involved if no action where taken in relation to climate change. Stern stated that 1% of the global GDP would be enough to counteract the causes of global warming. However in August 2008 a report in the guardian newspaper quoted Stern that this figure should be increased approx 2% of GDP to account for faster than expected climate change. One of the main conclusions of the stern review was: Emissions have been, and continue to be, driven by economic growth; yet stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere is feasible and consistent with continued growth. The review has come under some criticism however, the review, ultimately fails to provide a convincing case for spending a large amount of scarce financial resources on reducing greenhouse gas emissions (Eric Neumayer 2007). While other papers argue that human-induced climate change is not real (Byatt et al., 2006 ). Fuel Poverty: Currently, 203,000 families, representing 33% of households in Northern Ireland, live in fuel poverty (NEA, 2004a NEA, Fuel poverty: the health imperative, NIHE/NEA, Belfast (2004).Niamh Shortt, Jorun RugkÃÆ' ¥sa, 2007). Damp is one of the most common health hazards associated with poor housing and is largely a result of poor insulation and inadequately heated homes. In Northern Ireland social housing tenants spend a greater proportion of their income on energy needs than any other social group (Anon, 1997). The U.K. Home Energy Conservation Act (HECA) was established in 1996 to address energy consumption of the national housing stock. Improving the thermal performance of dwelling envelopes in existing social housing is a priority in Northern Ireland as 79% of total domestic energy consumption is due to space-heating (Anon, 1996). SAP RdSAP: Within the UK the recommended method for measuring an buildings energy rating is standard assessment procedure or SAP. This method calculates the amount of energy the building is using per annum. To calculate energy performance certicates assessors use reduced data standard assessment procedure or RdSAP. Political Opinions: Energy performance certificates make good economic sense (Sammy Wilson 2009). The minister felt that making future tenants and home owners aware of the efficiency of the property will save them money on energy bills in the future. He felt that the more energy efficient properties will become increasing desirable and landlords will want to improve the rating of their properties. Department of Finance and Personnel Northern Ireland: The DFPNI are responsible for improving the energy efficiency of building in northern Ireland. They have introduced energy performance certificates and display energy certificates. They are the section of the government who are responsible for the introduction of the EPCs to Northern Ireland, responding to the European Union legislation Energy Performance of Buildings Directive. Once this legislation was introduced the DFP have since been policing the matter. In a letter sent to all estate agents in October 2009 they stated that they would be visiting all agents to assess the number of properties that have an EPC available. They also noted that any property which doesnt have a valid EPC that the landlord could be liable to a 200 fine. Chapter Three Analysis of Public opinion and Professional Interviews: A questionnaire was disturbed to tenants and home owners in the Belfast area. I emailed links to the online questionnaire which was setup through www.esurveypro.com. This website lets you create online surveys; I then emailed tenants and purchasers a link to the survey. I received 140 completed questionnaires. I then conducted analysis of this data using SPSS 17. The questionnaire data was analysed using SPSS 17. Frequency tables and cross tabulations highlight some of the trends in the data, graphs help represent this data in a more aesthetically pleasing manor. From the above table you can see the frequency of the age. The largest age group was the under 30s which accounted for 61.4% of my data. Then the under 20s at 21.4%. I had a limited response from anyone over the age of 30. Energy performance certificates where introduced to the Northern Ireland market in July 2008. Therefore anyone that has bought a property in the last 18months should have seen an EPC before they rented or purchased their property. From the above table 75.2% of people surveyed had bought or rented a property in the last 18months. If you filter the results to show only those respondents who have rented or bought a property in this past 18 months (i.e. Since EPCs where introduced) then only 60 people or 42.8% where actually aware of Energy performance certificates. 32.9% of respondents had bought or rented in last 18 months and where not aware of the term EPC or energy performance certificate. As it is a legal requirement for all properties sold or rented in Northern Ireland to have an EPC you would imagine that more than 42.8% of purchasers and renters would have been familiar with the phrase EPC. When asked how much the respondent knew about EPCs they had to rate their answer as either 1,2,3,4 or 5. 1 = knew nothing about epcs and 5 = new a lot about epcs. From the above table 54 respondents that said they where not aware of EPCs also said they knew nothing, 6 respondents answered 2 to this question. Out of the 80 respondents that said they where aware of the term EPC or energy performance certificate 14 (17.5%) of them knew nothing about it, 26 (32%) new very little about EPCs, 18 (22.5%) somethings about EPCs, 8 (10%) new quite a bit and 17.5% new a lot about energy performance certificates. This would demonstrate that the majority of the people surveyed had very little knowledge of EPCs. This is quiet shocking as 75.2% of people surveyed had bought or rented a property in the last 18months. From the above table the majority of respondents that bought or rented a property in the last 18 months did not know if the property had an EPC. A shocking 52 (49%) respondents didnt no if the property had an EPC. 46 (43.4%) respondents said their property didnt have an EPC, only 8 (7.5%) respondents confirmed that their property did have an EPC. When asked if an Energy performance certificate would help to make a decision on a property 22.0% said it would not, 21.4% said it would help make a decision and 55.7% where not sure. When asked 38.6% of respondents said they would pay more money for a property that was energy efficient. 28.6% said they would not pay more money and 32.9% said they might pay more money for any energy efficient property. This survey has concluded that the majority of the sample purchasers and tenants in the Belfast area are not aware of energy performance certificates. More needs too be done to make people aware of EPCs and what they mean. When the sale of a property takes place most purchasers arnt interested in the EPC rating. In the majority of cases the EPC isnt displayed in the property brochure. EPCs for sales properties are usually just created as the solicitor is reqired to have one before the sale can take place. Therefore the seller or purchaser never become aware of the rating or of the recommendations it contains. The minimum EPC rating from my sample data was 20. The maximum EPC rating was 85 and the mean 59.26. If you compare this to the Northern Ireland average of 50, my data is therefore slightly higher. However this could be as Belfast has a better housing stock than more rural towns and villages where generally EPC ratings would be lower. The Northern Ireland Housing Executive 2006 Housing Conditions Survey report provides details of the SAP ratings for all properties in Northern Ireland. The mean SAP rating for housing in urban areas was 54.45 in 2006 and for rural housing it was 52.35. For the Belfast Metropolitan Area the mean SAP rating in 2006 was 54.96. This demonstrates clearly the difference in location to SAP ratings and therefore energy efficiency rating or EPC rating. The majority of my sample properties are terrace and apartment, the mean SAP rating for these types of properties are 55.45 and 63 consecutively. The average of these two figures would be 59, which is extremely close to the sample mean above (59.26). SAP ratings are produced for all new build properties. Since their introduction in 2008 EPCs have used RdSAP calculations to calculate the EPC rating. This involves special software models which uses known measurements of energy performance for the different aspects of the property which are: Walls. Roof. Floor. Windows. Main heating. Main heating controls. Secondary heating. Hot water. Lighting. If the Energy performance assessors recommendations are followed then the property could achieve a higher rating. This rating is also displayed on the energy performance certificate and is known as potential rating. The table above shows the min, max and mean figures for the sample data. The minimum rating is 33, maximum 87 and mean 68.8. The improvements that the energy assessor recommends in the energy performance certificate are followed then the average each property can improve by 9.75 points. The minimum improvement a property can make is zero; therefore the owner can not do anything further to increase the efficiency of the property. The maximum potential increase is 37 points. This is a large potential increase and could move the property up two grades on the A to G scale. A scatter plot of EPC rating vs Rental Price. There is no correlation between these to entities. Scatter showing the EPC rating vs Number of bedrooms. For each of two, three and four bedroom properties there is a wide range of EPC ratings, ranging from twenties through to eighties for each. As there is only a small sample of properties for one and five bedroom properties it doesnt range as much. Two bedroom properties appear to cluster more around the 70 to 80 EPC rating more so than any other. The majority of two bedroom properties in Belfast would be apartments. These would have been more recently build or refurbished than three and four bedroom terraced properties. Research from the Northern Ireland Housing Executive 2006 Housing Conditions Survey report would also confirm that the older housing stock is less energy efficient; From the graph below it is evident that the newer the construction of the property the more energy efficient it is. The most frequent grade for all properties in the sample was a C grade, the best performing properties where those with two bedrooms as they had most B and C graded properties. Three bedroom properties had the most E grades. However the sample size of 3 bedroom properties was much larger than that of four bedroom properties. From the opposite it is clear that four bedroom properties have a quantity of G rating properties, no other group in my sample have any G rated properties. EPC Rating depending on Heating Type: The following analysis shows the EPC rating for each of the three different heating types found from my sample data. The pie chart below shows the range of heating types. Gas central heating systems account for 56% and oil 43%. It is clear than Gas heating systems generally produce a better energy performance rating than that of oil fired central heating systems. 56.3% of gas fired central heating systems achieved a C rating in their EPC assessment. Whereas 46.3% of oil fired central heating systems achieved an E rating. Gas central heating systems also achieved many more B rated properties than oil. Economy 7 or electric heating systems are very poorly rated. However only 1 of the sample 155 properties did have this type of heating. My sample data did not contain data to show if the properties where double glazed, the year they where build or the type of insulation. All of these characterises effect the EPC rating also. As the Rdsap measures these elements to provide a rating. On an Energy performance inspection the Domestic energy assessor or DEA will assess: Internal and external measurements of the property. Details of heating and hot water systems. Loft insulation measured and the presence (or not) of cavity wall insulation assessed. Details of window glazing. Wall constructions which will also include the thicknesses of wall. Details of internal lighting, if the bulbs are energy efficient or normal. If certain elements of the property are not accessable the assessor can assume certain details. ie. If there is no access to the loft the DEA will assume insulation or not depending on other aspects of the property. Does the EPC rating effect the Property desirability? To assess desirability the sample property data contained the number of viewings each property had. It also contained how many days the property was on the market for. This was basically the day the property was advertised until the day the property was rented. A negative correlation between the number of viewings and the EPC rating of the property. The r squared value is 0.234, the closer this number is to one the better the data fits the model. When the correlation calculations are run in SPSS 17 the table above is produced. A peasrsons correlation of -.484 shows that there is a negative correlation. Therefore as the EPC rating increases the number of property viewings decrease. The EPC rating compared to the number of days a property is advertised on the market. The EPC rating of a property increases the number of days it is on the market will decrease. Therefore negative correlation exists between these two values. The r squared value of the regression line is 0.233, the closer this number is to one the more accurately the data will fit the model. Pearsons correlation is -.483, again proof that the two values are negatively correlated. Two bedroom properties EPC rating vs Days on Market and Number of Viewings. When only the two bedroom properties are analysed the results are similar to all bedroom properties. There is some negative correlations in both graphs. Three Bedroom Properties EPC rating vs Days on Market and Number of Viewings. Again when only three bedroom properties are analysed the results are still very similar. There is slight negative correlation between these values. The negative correlation between the number of viewings and EPC ratings would suggest that the higher EPC rating the less people want to see / view the property. The negative correlation between EPC rating and days on the market would suggest that as the EPC rating increases the less time the property is advertised. Some would believe that the viewings should increases as the more demand for an energy efficient property the more potential tenants would want to view it. However, this is not the case. As a property increases in demand then tenants are much quicker to pay their deposit on the property to secure it, before someone else. Therefore it usually the case that on the most demanded houses there are significantly less viewings than less popular houses. When a tenant pays their deposit on a property the property is removed from the market and no further viewings take place. This would suggest that the higher the properties Energy performance rating the higher the demand for that property. This appears to be the case for all types of property, regardless of number of bedrooms or heating type. Rental Price relating to EPC rating: The study so far has proved that the higher the EPC rating the more demand for the property, as it is rented quicker than properties with lesser energy performance ratings. The following analysis will determine if there is any correlation between rental price and EPC rating. It is well documented that location is the most influential variable in the rental or sale price of any property. Therefore the analysis of the property data will be separated by relevant postcode to help minimise location variations. The price of a property is also determined by the number of bedrooms by which it contains. This will also be take account of. There is definitely a positive correlation between rental price and EPC rating in the two bedroom properties, however the correlation in the three bedroom properties is much less. The R squared value is 0.256 for two bedroom properties and 0.0240 for three bedroom properties which is extremely weak. The previous analysis focuses on the number of bedrooms each property has, however location is also a relevant factor in the rental price. Therefore the further filtered to allow for this. The largest sample areas are BT10, BT12, BT6 and BT9. Therefore I will focus the analysis on these postcode areas. These four postcode areas account for 58% of all the data collected. There is slight positive correlation, however it is weak as both r squared values are 0.202 and 0.298. Which means that only 20% and 29% of the time would having a higher EPC rating result in a better rental price being agreed. However the property data when filtered to BT9 properties with two and three bedrooms only provided a small selection of properties to evaluate. Slight positive correlation, however it is very weak. There are only a very small sample number of properties once the data has been filtered to BT10 properties with three bedrooms. Therefore any correlation drawn from this small population may be incorrect. Chapter Five: Structured Interviews: This chapter highlights the interviews that where carried out in order to assist with further data analysis. The views and opinions of the key players in the energy efficiency field, especially in the residential sector of the Belfast Market. Interview with a Rental Management Agent based in Belfast: When renting a property, do you show the Energy performance certificate to the potential tenant? If so when do you show them and do you feel it is a good selling point? The EPC is usually displayed in the marketing brochure and also on our website. When the tenant looks through the brochure they sometimes comment on the rating but it isnt usually a big issue. What are the most important aspects of a property to a standard tenant? The most important aspect is usually the location, closely followed by number of bedrooms and condition. More often tenants are now desiring gas fired central heating over all other methods. Double glazed windows are usually a must also. Then things like a garden, garage and if the rooms are double or single bedroom. Have you ever been asked by a potential tenant for an EPC for a property that you have marketed? No, I dont really think tenants take much notice of the EPC, they only people I feel are interested is the DFPNI, they have visited the office a few times enquiring to see how many of our properties have epc. They also done a random spot check, we had to tell the dfpni if the property has a valid epc and if so provide them with then epc serial number. Since the introduction of EPCs, what percentage of the properties rented in your firm do you feel have had an EPC? I wouldnt be sure of an exact percentage, however maybe 50% of rented properties have now got EPC. Some landlords are happy not to get an epc done, when we tell the landlord they could get a fine they are happy to risk it. Some dont see the value in getting an EPC as they arent living in the house and it doesnt matter to them how energy efficient it is. Do you feel that tenants take any notice of EPCs, do they use the rating to make a decision on the property? Tenants dont really look at the EPC, at most they look at the small graph which highlights the rating. I have never had a tenant as to see the whole epc report which highlights the things they can do to make the property more energy efficient. Has there ever been an occasion when you have lost a potential rental as the EPC rating has been poor? No, as I said, tenants dont really take much notice of the EPC rating. They are more interested with the location, rental price and number of bedrooms. How responsive do you think landlords have been to EPCs? Not very responsive, we as the agent usually ask them to provide us with a certificate, most landlords say they will get one but never do. We have had some success by providing EPCs for the landlord; we have sourced a couple of domestic energy assessors who provide us with a preferential rate. How often does a property have a valid EPC when a landlord asks you to market it? Unless we are remarketing a property that we rented last year the chances are they probably wont have a valid certificate. Most new landlords are still unaware of what an EPC actually is. If or when you provide a new landlord with an EPC do they use it to help improve the efficiency? I have never seen a landlord follow any of the advice to better the efficiency of the property. At the moment most landlords are trying to save every penny they can, EPC are unfortunately a necessary expense as it has become law to have one, however still to many landlords are happy not to get one. Until the law changes to require the estate agent to have an EPC before marketing then most properties still wont have a certificate. If a landlord is required to replace something in his property then they may look for a more energy efficient boiler or washing machine. I have actually had tenants complain before as the landlord replaced broken bulbs with energy efficient ones which take too long to heat up. Have any of the landlords that you represent as an agent been fined for not having an energy performance certificate. To my knowledge none of them have had a fine yet, the DFPNI have only checked in our office once and it was only a spot check. Some of those properties didnt have an EPC. However these landlords didnt get fined but received a letter highlighting the fact that they where required to get one. Interview with a letting agent in the Belfast area: When renting a property, do you show the Energy performance certificate to the potential tenant? If so when do you show them and do you feel it is a good selling point? No. What are the most important aspects of a property to a standard tenant? Condition, furnishing, bedrooms. Have you ever been asked by a potential tenant for an EPC for a property that you have marketed? No. Since the introduction of EPCs, what percentage of the properties rented in your firm do you feel have had an EPC? We done them so all we made sure. Do you feel that tenants take any notice of EPCs, do they use the rating to make a decision on the property? Not yet probably in few years Id imagine. Has there ever been an occasion when you have lost a potential rental as the EPC rating has been poor? Nope. How responsive do you think landlords have been to EPCs? With us good because we told them had to have it, we can do it etc. How often does a property have a valid EPC when a landlord asks you to market it? Very few. If or when you provide a new landlord with an EPC do they use it to help improve the efficiency? Dont think so. Have any of the landlords that you represent as an agent been fined for not having an energy performance certificate? No. Interview with Domestic Energy Assessor based in Belfast: How long have you been a qualified DEA? Since December 2008. Approximately how many EPC have you completed? pTo date I have probably done close to 600, most of these have been in Belfast and surrounding towns. I have done everything from 1bedroom Bedsits to 6 bedroom mansions on the Malone Road. Have you noticed any trends with EPCs? Not as such, I generally measure the properties and record all the usual data such as insulation, windows, wall construction, boiler type ect. I then input this info into the computer system and it then provides the rating, it also lists all the recommendations. I can edit these recommendations if I feel some of them are not suitable. Where does the majority of your work come from? I work closely with a number of estate agents and solicitors in Belfast. I get most of my instructions from these. I have done a handful of certificates for private individuals who are generally just interested to find out more about their home. Do you feel many home owners take the advice the EPC offers? The certificates that I provide for home owners is usually used to better the efficiency of their property, they would phone me up to ask for advice on certain issues also. When I provide a certificate for a landlord it is usually just to stay on the right side of the law, the letting agent would sometimes put the EPC rating onto the property brochure and internet. Do you feel the introduction of EPCs have helped reduce the co2 emissions from the built environment? Im not really sure; I dont think enough people really take much notice of the epc rating yet. Hopefully in later years it will become more important. I do think generally the whole country is becoming more energy efficient but Im not sure how much of an impact EPCs have had on this. Interview with Landlord Mr Samuel Patterson: How many properties do you own in Belfast? I currently own four properties in the Belfast area. I own two apartments and two four bedroom terrace houses in south Belfast. Are you aware of the term Energy Performance Certificate? Yes, my letting agent provided me with a lot of information about them. They sound like a good idea however Im not sure how much notice a tenant would take of the EPC rating. How many of your properties have an EPC? Currently both my apartments have an EPC, I only purchased these 7 months ago, and therefore the person I purchased the property from had to provide one. I didnt see the EPC before I bought the property; the solicitor took care of it. I know they both are grade C. Why do the other properties not have an EPC? I have owned the other properties for 7 years now, I have had both rented out since 2006 to long term tenants. However, I have just been given notice from one of these properties and therefore I will have to get an EPC done before I advertise this for rent again. My letting agent has advised that an EPC should cost me 65, they are going to provide this for me. Have you followed any of the advice in the EPC report? I havent seen the EPC reports for either of my apartments. I wont be spending any unnecessary money on any of my properties. I usually furnish and decorate to a good standard. I would not have the money available to install insulation, new boilers or anything like that. Findings from Interviews: From the interview with two local Belfast letting agents, a domestic energy assessor and a landlord the response seems to be that: Tenants: Tenants dont use the EPC rating to help make a decision on the property. Tenants base decisions on the rental price, location, condition and number of bedrooms. Agents have never experienced a tenant not taking a property because of a poor EPC rating. Tenants do not look at the EPC report and see what if anything they can do to make their new home more energy efficient. Landlords: Dont want to spend money making their properties more energy efficient due to the current economic climate. Some landlords are happy not to pay for an EPC and risk getting fined by the DFPNI. Estate agents are driving the demand to get an EPC provided for their properties. When a certificate is produced it isnt used by the landlord. Agents: Are persuading landlords to get an EPC, even although the law requires landlords to have a valid energy performance certificate, it is not the agents responsibility. Are displaying the EPC rating on brochures and on the website. Are working closely with domestic energy assessors to provide certificates at the best price possible. Feel that higher rated EPCs may be slightly more popular because they are usually the properties that are more recent, with better use of space and design, they contain more recent and energy efficient boilers and technology. Bibliography: The walls were so damp and cold fuel poverty and ill health in Northern Ireland: Results from a housing intervention Health Place, Volume 13, Issue 1, March 2007, Pages 99-110 Niamh Shortt, Jorun RugkÃÆ' ¥sa. A missed opportunity: The Stern Review on climate change fails to tackle the issue of non-substitutable loss of natural capital Global Environmental Change, Volume 17, Issues 3-4, August-October 2007, Pages 297-301 Eric Neumayer. I. Byatt, I. Castles, I.D. Goklany, D. Henderson, N. Lawson, R. McKitrick, J. Morris, A. Peacock, C. Robinson and R. Skidelsky, The previous termStern Reviewnext term: a dual critiqueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ economic aspects, World Economics 7 (4) (2006), pp. 199-229.Byatt et al., 2006. Building Energy Analysis (BEA): A methodology to assess building energy labelling. Energy and Buildings, Volume 39, Issue 6, June 2007, Pages 709-716 F.J. Rey, E. Velasco, F. Varela. Hinrichs.R and Kleinbach.M, 2002. ENERGY Its Use and the Environment. 3rd ed. Edition. London: Thomson. Page 1-3. Research Design- Qualitative, Quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. 2nd Edition- John W. Creswell 2003. Walliman, N (2006) Your Research Project, 2nd edition. Cresswell, J.W (1994) Research Design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, 2nd ed. Naoum, S.G (2007) Dissertation research and writing for research students.

The Importance Of Evidence Based Practice On Patient Care

Evidence Based Practice has contributed to the healing of millions of patients across the world by meeting the needs of patient care through providing extensive research and evidence. The process of Evidence Based Practice (EBP) is made up of professional nurses. The start of this process is based on previous clinical experience based on encounters nurses have had with patients regarding clinical problems. EBP brings better care to the patient by making the patient and their health issue the main focus of what is being researched or studied. The evidence-based practice (EBP) movement is consistent with nursing’s goal of providing research-based care to patients (Fain, 2015). Nurses main goal of EBP is to explain what and why a topic is being researched, how this process is important to the care of the patient and how the evidence collected can be credible to make a difference. In order to make a difference in a patient’s life by using EBP, nurses must first research th e topic that is concerning to the patient. Research is the first step in beginning the process of solving a clinical problem. It is the best evidence used toward the decision making for patient care. Doing different analysis is important to nursing because it helps the nurse determine which method would be better for the patient and also determines the outcome of what is being studied. Research comes in the form of clinical expertise, patient preferences and existing resources (Fain, 2015). One type ofShow MoreRelatedEvidence Based Practice in Nursing1565 Words   |  7 PagesTitle: Evidence Based Practice in Nursing Name Course Tutor April 20th, 2013 Introduction The paper herein provides a critical discussion of evidence based practice (EBP) in nursing. It clearly elaborates on the meaning and definition of EBP as used by nurses as well as the importance of evidence based decision making as it relates to nursing care. It broadly examines the concept of EBP in nursing care and its relevance to nursing practice and to the delivery of quality patient careRead MoreEvidence Based Practice : Nursing Implications1399 Words   |  6 Pages Evidence Based Practice: Nursing Implications Misty DelCiampo Submitted to Sarah P. Combs PhD, MPH, RN in partial fulfillment of NR460 Evidence Based Practice in Nursing Regis University August 3rd, 2015 Evidence Based Practice Nursing Implications As the health care environment is becoming more complex, and technology is developing rapidly, the expectations of nurses has increased more than ever before. Times are rapidly changing and to keep up with these changes, nurses areRead MoreEvidence Based Nursing Practice: Pressure Ulcers Essay1042 Words   |  5 PagesEvidence Based Nursing Practice: Pressure Ulcers Jane Smith Research and Scholarship for Evidence-Based Practice March 10, 2010 Evidence-Based Nursing Practice: Pressure Ulcers The primary goals for conducting nursing research are to generate new knowledge to promote positive outcomes for patients, enhance quality and cost-effectiveness of care, improve the healthcare delivery system, and validate the credibility of the nursingRead MoreRole Of An Apn Includes Collaboration Competency Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesThe role of an APN includes collaboration competency which is an important component in a successful practice. The presence or absence of collaborative relationships between the APN and the patient can affects the cost and quality of patient care (). The role of the APN or Nurse practitioner is highly recognized and globally accepted by the great work and care they have provided both as clinicians or a prescribing. As a matter of fact, this has motivated more and more people to seek advanced educationRead MoreWhat Do Nurses Really Do?1711 Words   |  7 Pagesand role of nurses. None of these ideas truly portray nurses and what they do. Nurs es are with the patients more than the doctors. People do not realize how little they will encounter the doctor in the hospital until they are actually in the hospital. People quickly realize how important nurses are. Because nurses interact with their patients constantly, nurses are the ones who know the patients best. In the article â€Å"What Do Nurses Really Do?†, Suzanne Gordon explores what nurses truly do. SheRead MorePersonal Motivation For Continuing Education825 Words   |  4 Pagesessay is to explain the importance of research, evidence-based practice, and nursing theory to providers of direct and indirect care and nurses as members of the profession; perform an assessment of nursing values and how they relate to personal use of evidence-based practice; describe personal motivation for continuing education; and compare that motivation to the current construct of nursing values. When looking at providers of direct and indirect care, evidenced-based practice must be a reality atRead MoreEssay on Evidence Based Information on Pressure Ulcers831 Words   |  4 PagesEvidence-Based Nursing Practice Meta Anderson NURS 4000 5/ NURS-4001-5 Res/ Scholarship Evid-Based Practice April 21, 2013 Pressure Ulcers are very serious, but common occurrences in healthcare in our older patients today. Millions of dollars are spent daily to prevent this occurrence. The purpose of this paper is to educate on the evidence based nursing practice surrounding pressure ulcers. Practice Setting Problem Pressure Ulcer is a breakdown ofRead MoreEssay about Policies and Procedures in Nursing Practice1134 Words   |  5 PagesPolicies and Procedures in Nursing Practice Policies and procedures in nursing practice are important for nurses to perform and to deliver quality of care and patient safety. Policies and procedures help nurses to prevent errors and carry out procedures safely to the patients. It also brings uniformity in following organizational guidelines. Policies and procedures are designed to influence and determine major decisions and actions, and activities that take place within the boundaries set by themRead MoreNursing Process1531 Words   |  7 Pagesapproach in which patients receive nursing care. The nursing process consists of four distinct phases, each having a discreet role in the process, theses phases of the process are: assessment, planning, intervention and evaluation. (Oxford Dictionary of Nursing 2003) It is important that the four stages of the process from assessment to evaluation are carried out sequentially because each phase follows logically from one to the other. As a result the maximum well-being of the patient is always theRead MoreImportance Of Evidence Based Practice And Nursing Research1006 Words   |  5 Pages Significance of Evidence Based Practice and Nursing Research Rina Desai Widener University â€Æ' The significance of nursing research and evidence-based practice has gained a huge momentum in nursing. Research findings, knowledge from basic science, clinical knowledge, and expert opinion are all considered ‘evidence’. Thus, the practices based on research findings are more likely to result in the desired patient outcomes across numerous clinical settings. In addition, the pressure of healthcare